1901+to+Present


 * History: Racial Equality-1900s/Present**

In the 1900s there were a lot of steps taken towards helping the African Americans for racial equality, and even to the present. Such as the Civil Rights Act, the nonviolent direct action, the Great Migration, and even the people and activist who helped in the struggle for African American racial equality.

In 1960 sit-ins at segregated lunch counters and restaurants were greatly popular. Freedom Riders on segregated interstate buses in 1961. In 1963 Protest marches in Birmingham, AL. Some of the others used were Mass marches for civil rights bill in Washington D.C., in 1964 Freedom Summer for voter registration efforts in Mississippi and in 1965 the Protest march from Selma to Montgomery AL.
 * Nonviolent Direct Action **

Some of the people involved in the movement were nonviolent protesters and some were not. Malcolm X for example was not a nonviolent protester. He believed in not working with them and that the nonviolent protesting days were over and it was time to take action. But activists like Martin Luther King Jr., and John F. Kennedy lead the hope for racial equality in a nonviolent way. Others were Medgar Evers, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, Robert Kennedy, and J. Edgar Hoover. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the greatest protesters in the Civil Rights Act. He was worldly famous for his boycotts and his infamous “I Have a Dream” speech. He lead boycotts through numerous cities and states. Robert Kennedy, (Robert Kennedy’s brother) disagreed with the Hands-off policy that the FBI created, and ordered federal troops to Mississippi to protect James Meredith. J. Edgar Hoover made operations against the Ku Klux Klan members and, black power groups. In the 1900s there were a lot of these activists getting killed because of there help for racial equality. In 1963 Medgar Evers was assainated, along with John F. Kennedy, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner in 1964, Malcom X in 1965, Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968, and Robert Kennedy in 1968.
 * Civil Rights Movement: People involved**
 * Their roles in the movement**
 * Assainations**


 * Important facts from the 1900s to the Present**

- In 1917[|racial antagonism] toward African Americans who joined the war industries lead to a riot in East St.Louis, Illinois that killed 40 blacks and 8 whites. - In 1919 racial violence on the southside of Chicago 23 blacks and 15 whites dead, 537 people injured, and 1,000 black families homeless. - 1920 the first baseball, Negro Leagues is established. - In 1921 Shuffle Along by Eubie Blake is the first musical written and performed by African Americans. - In 1922 Bessie Coleman is the first public flight by an African American women. - In 1942 bebop was born. - In 1945 Ebony the magazine is founded.
 * 1900s-1950s**

- In 1954 May 17th the U.S. Supreme Court rules Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka which went against the 14th amendment. - In 1962 South African Nelson Mandela is sent to jail and sentenced to five years in prison and seven years later he is sentenced to life in jail for sabotage, treason, and violent conspiracy. - In 1963 Police Commissioner Eugene Connor uses water hoses and dogs against civil rights protesters. - In 1964 Martin Luther King Jr. is awarded the Noble Peace Prize for peace in Olso, Norway. - In 1967 Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American U.S. Supreme Court Justice. - In 1971 Swann vs. Charlotte-Mecklenburg, wanted the busing of schoolchildren in Charlotte, NC. - In 1972 Shirley Chisholm is the first African-American woman to make a serious bid for the U.S. presidency. - In 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act gives amnest to some undocumented immigrants.
 * 1950s-Present**

The [|Great Migration] a long movement of African Americans from the South to the urban North, transformed Chicago and other northern cities between 1916 and 1970. Chicago held over 500,000 of the approximately 7 million African americans who left the South during these decades. Before the Great Migration African Americans were 2% of Chicagos population; by 1970, it was 33%.The Great Migration established the foundation of Chicago's African American industrial working class.
 * The Great Migration**

Resources: Book: Profiles in American History, Civil Rights Movement Author: Joyce Mass;George Wilson

[|www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/545.html]

[|www.britiannica.com]